Regenerative Energie
China is currently facing the most rapid urbanization in the global history but environmental protection, national energy security, renewable energy and climate change issues have to be tackled in order to ensure a sustainable socioeconomic development. China faces a rapid development in MSW generation. The overall waste generation is increasing accordingly. Even though it’s specific per capita amount of waste is still half of the one in Germany, China is, due to its size and large population, since 2004 the globally largest waste producer. The application of biogas from various biomass sources for the generation of energy and organic compounds from biomethane (bio-refinery) are going to play an important role in China’s attempts to achieve ecological and economic stability.
Biomass wastes of agricultural and municipal origin, and in the future, to certain extend energy crops, will represent the main feedstock for biogas production. The potential annual biogas yield for middle and large scale biogas plants (not including small scale household biogas digesters, amounting to 40 million in 2011), will be from agriculture 29.1 billion nm3, from municipal solid waste (MSW) and municipal waste water sludge 12.3 billion nm3, 215 billion nm3 from crop residues (straw) and 33.4 billion nm3 from animal manure. About 290 billion nm3 biogas could be generated annual in total, which could cover 6.9 % of the total energy demand in China in 2010 and 5 % of the overall energy demand of 190,000 PJ, in 2050 if some energy crops from marginal land is included.
In total MSW of 340 million t/yr, with 60 m/m% to up to 80 m/m% bioorganic matter, was estimated to be generated in 2010, from which 190 millions are coming from the urban areas, the collected part amounts only to 160 million tons. This MSW quantity will, mainly due to the migration of more 300 million people into cities until 2025 reach 510 million t/yr.
| Copyright: | © Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH |
| Quelle: | Waste Management, Volume 3 (Oktober 2012) |
| Seiten: | 12 |
| Preis: | € 0,00 |
| Autor: | Prof. Dr. habil. Bernhard Raninger Professor Dr. Hongjun Zhou |
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Hochlauf der Wasserstoffwirtschaft
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Überblick über und Diskussion der Maßnahmen zum beschleunigten Ausbau
der Wasserstoffinfrastruktur in Deutschland
Die innerstaatliche Umsetzung des Pariser Klimaschutzübereinkommens
- ein Rechtsvergleich
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Like all public international law treaties, the Paris Climate Accords rely on national law for their implementation. The success of the agreement therefore depends, to a large extent, on the stepstaken or not taken by national governments and legislators as well as on the instruments and mechanisms chosen for this task. Against this background, the present article compares different approaches to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, using court decisions as a means to assess their (legal) effectiveness.
Klimaschutzrecht und Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien in der Schweiz
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Verschachtelte Gesetzgebung unter politischer Ungewissheit