Regenerative Energie
Ultrasound is a cyclic sound pressure wave. It is measured in Hertz(Hz). As ultrasound is de-fined as sound in a frequency beyond the audible range of humans, its frequency lies between 20kHz and 10 MHz. According the frequency it can be distinguished between low frequency ul-trasonic waves which range from 20 kHz to 2 MHz and high frequency sounds ranging from 2 MHz to 10 MHz. For sonochemical applications, low frequency waves are usually used. (Mason 2002)
Since more than 70 % of the oil produced worldwide is by definition "heavy oil", precipitation of waxes (paraffins and asphaltenes) is known to be a serious problem in oil pro-duction and is the cause for limited flow rates, plugging of pipes, additional load on the artificial lifting equipment, and therefore abnormal wear and excessive energy consumption.
As oil usually comes along with water, there is always a good chance of precipitation by scaling products, which plug the perforations as well as the near wellbore zone. In gas production, hy-drates constitute a serious problem since they may plug chokes, tubulars and surface equipment. Another major issue in oil and gas production is phase separation (oil, gas, water).
So far, all of these problems usually are resolved by expensive borehole interventions and/or by injection of chemicals.
It could be demonstrated in the lab and in the oilfield that the use of Ultrasonic (US) waves can replace chemical applications or at least reduce the amount of chemicals needed. Therefore ap-plication of US waves contributes essentially to environmental protection and to HSE (Health, Safety & Environment) in general.
| Copyright: | © Lehrstuhl für Abfallverwertungstechnik und Abfallwirtschaft der Montanuniversität Leoben |
| Quelle: | Depotech 2012 (November 2012) |
| Seiten: | 6 |
| Preis: | € 3,00 |
| Autor: | Herbert Hofstätter Dipl.-Ing. Hartwig Kunanz H. Müller |
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Rechtliche und praktische Unsicherheiten bei der Durchführung des europäischen Klimaanpassungsrechts durch das Bundes- Klimaanpassungsgesetz (KAnG)
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (6/2025)
In the context of the European Climate Law (EU) 2021/1119), the Governance Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 and the Nature Restoration Regulation (EU) 2024/1991, the KAnG came into force on July 1, 2024.
Transformatives Klimarecht: Raum, Zeit, Gesellschaft
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (6/2025)
This article contends that climate law should be conceived as inherently transformative in a double sense. The law not only guides the necessary transformation of economy and society, but is itself undergoing transformation.
Maßnahmen zur Klimaanpassung sächsischer Talsperren
© Springer Vieweg | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH (5/2025)
Die Landestalsperrenverwaltung des Freistaates Sachsen (LTV) betreibt aktuell insgesamt 87 Stauanlagen, darunter 25 Trinkwassertalsperren. Der Stauanlagenbestand ist historisch gewachsen und wurde für unterschiedliche Zwecke errichtet.