Regenerative Energie
Ultrasound is a cyclic sound pressure wave. It is measured in Hertz(Hz). As ultrasound is de-fined as sound in a frequency beyond the audible range of humans, its frequency lies between 20kHz and 10 MHz. According the frequency it can be distinguished between low frequency ul-trasonic waves which range from 20 kHz to 2 MHz and high frequency sounds ranging from 2 MHz to 10 MHz. For sonochemical applications, low frequency waves are usually used. (Mason 2002)
Since more than 70 % of the oil produced worldwide is by definition "heavy oil", precipitation of waxes (paraffins and asphaltenes) is known to be a serious problem in oil pro-duction and is the cause for limited flow rates, plugging of pipes, additional load on the artificial lifting equipment, and therefore abnormal wear and excessive energy consumption.
As oil usually comes along with water, there is always a good chance of precipitation by scaling products, which plug the perforations as well as the near wellbore zone. In gas production, hy-drates constitute a serious problem since they may plug chokes, tubulars and surface equipment. Another major issue in oil and gas production is phase separation (oil, gas, water).
So far, all of these problems usually are resolved by expensive borehole interventions and/or by injection of chemicals.
It could be demonstrated in the lab and in the oilfield that the use of Ultrasonic (US) waves can replace chemical applications or at least reduce the amount of chemicals needed. Therefore ap-plication of US waves contributes essentially to environmental protection and to HSE (Health, Safety & Environment) in general.
| Copyright: | © Lehrstuhl für Abfallverwertungstechnik und Abfallwirtschaft der Montanuniversität Leoben |
| Quelle: | Depotech 2012 (November 2012) |
| Seiten: | 6 |
| Preis: | € 3,00 |
| Autor: | Herbert Hofstätter Dipl.-Ing. Hartwig Kunanz H. Müller |
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Hochlauf der Wasserstoffwirtschaft
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Überblick über und Diskussion der Maßnahmen zum beschleunigten Ausbau
der Wasserstoffinfrastruktur in Deutschland
Die innerstaatliche Umsetzung des Pariser Klimaschutzübereinkommens
- ein Rechtsvergleich
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Like all public international law treaties, the Paris Climate Accords rely on national law for their implementation. The success of the agreement therefore depends, to a large extent, on the stepstaken or not taken by national governments and legislators as well as on the instruments and mechanisms chosen for this task. Against this background, the present article compares different approaches to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, using court decisions as a means to assess their (legal) effectiveness.
Klimaschutzrecht und Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien in der Schweiz
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Verschachtelte Gesetzgebung unter politischer Ungewissheit