Sewage Sludge Dewatering and Drying

The commonly applied processes in wastewater treatment involve the production of sewage sludge, insofar as wastewater ingredients eliminated during the treatment process, but not converted into gaseous substances such as carbon dioxide, methane or nitrogen, accumulate together with employed additives.

Depending on the stage of the process, sewage sludge consists of more than 95 % water, and the dry matter consists of approx. 50 - 70 % of organic matter (digested sludge resp. surplus sludge). The inorganic fraction mostly consists of sand (introduced via the sewer system), calcium (introduced via water hardness), and aluminum and iron salts (introduced, for example, via the application of precipitants during wastewater treatment).

The relevance of sewage sludge treatment is clearly shown in the fact that approx. 13 % of the total annual costs of wastewater treatment is caused by sewage sludge disposal, amounts comparable to the costs for personnel (Bode 2000 cited in). By developing and introducing new processes for sewage sludge minimization, i.e. by reducing the sewage sludge volume by dewatering to the greatest possible extent, it is possible to reduce disposal costs.

 

 

 

 

Hochlauf der Wasserstoffwirtschaft
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Überblick über und Diskussion der Maßnahmen zum beschleunigten Ausbau der Wasserstoffinfrastruktur in Deutschland

Die innerstaatliche Umsetzung des Pariser Klimaschutzübereinkommens - ein Rechtsvergleich
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Like all public international law treaties, the Paris Climate Accords rely on national law for their implementation. The success of the agreement therefore depends, to a large extent, on the stepstaken or not taken by national governments and legislators as well as on the instruments and mechanisms chosen for this task. Against this background, the present article compares different approaches to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, using court decisions as a means to assess their (legal) effectiveness.

Klimaschutzrecht und Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien in der Schweiz
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Verschachtelte Gesetzgebung unter politischer Ungewissheit

 

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