Regenerative Energie
Wastewater effluents from deinking- and TMP processes were taken and were concentrated in 2 stages consisting of ultra- and nanofi ltration. Futher more, the concentrates were biologically treated with a single aerobic and a hybrid anaerobic-aerobic process. With a continuous anaerobic reactor and an aerobic SBR reactor experiments were conducted to study the variations in hydraulic retention time (HRT), food to biomass ratio (F/M) and wastewater concentrate. For the deinking wastewater concentrate, an overall average COD elimination of 51 % and 57 % was achieved for aerobic and anaerobic-aerobic treatment, respectively. Single stage aerobic treatment of TMP wastewater concentrate had an mean COD elimination effi ciency of 61 % and the hybrid anaerobic-aerobic treatment yielded 73 %. The temperature in the aerobic biological SBR reactor was kept stable at 30 °C with an F/M ratio between 0.01 and 0.5 gBOD5/(gSS · d).
The papermaking industry is one of the biggest water consumers in Germany and also in the world. Through recirculation, reuse and other water saving methods the consumption has been drastically reduced by up to 10.4 L/kg of produced paper (2007) in the last few decades [1]. Water is necessary for almost every process in the paper industry. The whole process of papermaking consists of a multitude of steps, in particular, grinding the wood, bleaching the wood chips and fi nally the miscellaneous processes on the paper machine. To achieve the desired paper quality, a cocktail of more or less hazardous chemicals is used in the various process steps. Before discharging the wastewater produced by the paper industry, a purifi cation process consisting of physical and biological treatment is usually applied. Sixty percent of the occurring wastewater is treated by biological aerobic processes. The remaining 40 % of the wastewater is purifi ed by a combination of anaerobic and aerobic biological treatment [1]. New legislation regulations as well as the defi nition of the Best Available Technologies (BAT) [2] for the paper industry, especially those in the European countries, will require advanced treatment for the future. This will generate a better effluent quality coming from the wastewater treatment plants and has eff orts to reduce fresh water consumption.
| Copyright: | © DIV Deutscher Industrieverlag GmbH |
| Quelle: | GWF international 2011 (September 2011) |
| Seiten: | 8 |
| Preis: | € 8,00 |
| Autor: | Dipl.-Ing. Sebastian Tews Dipl.-Ing. Ralf Minke Prof. Dr.-Ing. Heidrun Steinmetz |
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Hochlauf der Wasserstoffwirtschaft
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Überblick über und Diskussion der Maßnahmen zum beschleunigten Ausbau
der Wasserstoffinfrastruktur in Deutschland
Die innerstaatliche Umsetzung des Pariser Klimaschutzübereinkommens
- ein Rechtsvergleich
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Like all public international law treaties, the Paris Climate Accords rely on national law for their implementation. The success of the agreement therefore depends, to a large extent, on the stepstaken or not taken by national governments and legislators as well as on the instruments and mechanisms chosen for this task. Against this background, the present article compares different approaches to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, using court decisions as a means to assess their (legal) effectiveness.
Klimaschutzrecht und Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien in der Schweiz
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Verschachtelte Gesetzgebung unter politischer Ungewissheit