Regenerative Energie
With ratification of the new German drinking water directive, the maximum allowable sulphate concentration is raised from 240 to 250 mg/L. However, exceedances due to geogenic conditions up to 500 mg/L sulphate are no longer permitted. Water supply utilities affected by this change now have to consider suitable treatment technologies for the given conditions. In a case study, a semi industrial pilot plant was operated with different low pressure reverse osmosis and nanofi ltration membranes to identify conditions for a stable operation and the required antiscalant dosage to achieve this. Long term operation was possible with both membrane types at a yield of 80 % with 1.2 g/m³ of polycarboxylic acid continuously dosed as antiscalant. In order to elucidate the possibilities for concentrate discharge several treatment processes have been investigated.
In order to comply with the revised German Drinking Water Directive (GDWD) [1], concerning the limitation for the sulphate concentration, some water suppliers have to fi nd solutions to fulfi l this requirement. However, only a small number of waterworks is aff ected by this stronger regulation. There are several techniques to remove sulphate during drinking water treatment. For desalination and softening ion exchange and membrane processes are mainly used. However, in the present case a ground water with very high sulphate concentration and hardness has to be treated. In order to overcome the lack of experience with the treatment of such type of waters, a pilot study was carried out. A semi industrial pilot plant was operated with different types of membranes for low pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO) and nanofi ltration (NF). Operational conditions (yield and antiscalant dosage) were optimized under the requirement of minimized demand for chemicals and stable permeability. Within this study, the discharge of concentrate was an important point. To minimize the salt content of the concentrate before discharge into a river, diff erent treatment processes have been further investigated.
| Copyright: | © DIV Deutscher Industrieverlag GmbH |
| Quelle: | GWF international 2011 (September 2011) |
| Seiten: | 6 |
| Preis: | € 6,00 |
| Autor: | Dr.-Ing. Pia Lipp T. Gronki Dr.-Ing. Günther Baldauf J. Lueke A. Lanfervoss |
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Hochlauf der Wasserstoffwirtschaft
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Überblick über und Diskussion der Maßnahmen zum beschleunigten Ausbau
der Wasserstoffinfrastruktur in Deutschland
Die innerstaatliche Umsetzung des Pariser Klimaschutzübereinkommens
- ein Rechtsvergleich
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Like all public international law treaties, the Paris Climate Accords rely on national law for their implementation. The success of the agreement therefore depends, to a large extent, on the stepstaken or not taken by national governments and legislators as well as on the instruments and mechanisms chosen for this task. Against this background, the present article compares different approaches to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, using court decisions as a means to assess their (legal) effectiveness.
Klimaschutzrecht und Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien in der Schweiz
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Verschachtelte Gesetzgebung unter politischer Ungewissheit