Regenerative Energie
Processing of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) before Anaerobic Digestion(AD) is highly considerable in terms of capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX). The paper determines different process options like 'Standard†and 'AdvancedBioSolids†and characterizes the process options. The 'Standard' option is relatively simple and comprises only few process steps. The 'AdvancedBioSolids†option is more complex and refines the biosolid fraction by segregating inorganic items and other non-digestibles in a multi-stage dry refining process.
Model calculation of mass balance and product quality is based on a typical composition of MSW in western urban settlements, this is e.g. 41 mass-% of digestible biomass. The quality of digestible biomass going from pre-processing to digestion is increased from 71,2 %, achieved by a 'Standard†process to, 93,9 %, achieved by an 'AdvancedBio-Solid†process. The calculation of CAPEX is done for annual capacities of 180.000 t/y and of 310.000 t/y. As a result CAPEX for mechanical equipment for pre-processing is 15 to 30% of CAPEX for total mechanical equipment, this means pre-processing plus digestion, combined-heat and power (CHP) and emission reduction installation. Calculation of OPEX is one by summarizing all operational costs deriving from the pre-processing plus digestion, CHP and emission reduction. As a result higher CAPEX for pre-processing installation leads to lower OPEX. OPEX as a function of CAPEX for pre-processing can be seen as a graph of different gradient. The paper finalizes with a draft of a catalogue of pre-processing steps and their relevance for product quality and yield. Decision makers of authorities and companies get a hint of what is relevant in terms of process evaluation and meeting the targeted figures of OPEX.
| Copyright: | © Wasteconsult International |
| Quelle: | EU Waste Management - Implementation of the Waste Framework Directive (Juni 2010) |
| Seiten: | 8 |
| Preis: | € 0,00 |
| Autor: | Dr.-Ing. Michael Langen |
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Hochlauf der Wasserstoffwirtschaft
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Überblick über und Diskussion der Maßnahmen zum beschleunigten Ausbau
der Wasserstoffinfrastruktur in Deutschland
Die innerstaatliche Umsetzung des Pariser Klimaschutzübereinkommens
- ein Rechtsvergleich
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Like all public international law treaties, the Paris Climate Accords rely on national law for their implementation. The success of the agreement therefore depends, to a large extent, on the stepstaken or not taken by national governments and legislators as well as on the instruments and mechanisms chosen for this task. Against this background, the present article compares different approaches to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, using court decisions as a means to assess their (legal) effectiveness.
Klimaschutzrecht und Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien in der Schweiz
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Verschachtelte Gesetzgebung unter politischer Ungewissheit