Assessment of composting approaches to enhance waste management systems in rural areas in the Philippines

The study compares applied technologies, used input materials, produced outputs, investment and operation costs and evaluates benefits for the local waste management systems. Whereas Bais City, San Carlos City, Passi City and Buenavista implemented composting projects using windrows, boxes and vermi-composting, Roxas City and Bayawan City established more costly, mechanized drum-composters inter alia to reduce processing time and to enhance product quality.

Based on the case studies, various benefits of small-scale composting projects for the local waste management system and the environment are discussed. The overall positive effects of composting for local waste management systems are obvious. But if calculated for the individual case, municipal composting seems hardly attractive since investment and operation costs surpass the cost for the commonly practiced waste dumping by far. In this context, static windrow or box-composting were identified as 'less costly composting technologies�, if compared with drum composting. Considering the limited budgets in the most municipalities in the Philippines, the driving forces to implement composting projects are rather low. However, ongoing drastic cost increases for fuels, which stress waste collection budgets, but also quality concerns in food production and water resources management, may further motivate municipal authorities to implement composting projects to enhance their solid waste management systems.

 

 

Hochlauf der Wasserstoffwirtschaft
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Überblick über und Diskussion der Maßnahmen zum beschleunigten Ausbau der Wasserstoffinfrastruktur in Deutschland

Die innerstaatliche Umsetzung des Pariser Klimaschutzübereinkommens - ein Rechtsvergleich
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Like all public international law treaties, the Paris Climate Accords rely on national law for their implementation. The success of the agreement therefore depends, to a large extent, on the stepstaken or not taken by national governments and legislators as well as on the instruments and mechanisms chosen for this task. Against this background, the present article compares different approaches to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, using court decisions as a means to assess their (legal) effectiveness.

Klimaschutzrecht und Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien in der Schweiz
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Verschachtelte Gesetzgebung unter politischer Ungewissheit

 

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