Regenerative Energie
The composting systems will be offered in the future need to have features compatible to Turkish solid waste and should be affordable to be operated by municipalities. Additionally, mixed waste collection systems in Turkish Municipalities need to switch source separated collection systems to reduce the charges of composting plants and future incineration plants.
As a developing country with rapid industrialization and young population; in Turkey, the solid waste amount and composition are changing in time. The composition studies conducted by independent researchers show that the amount of recyclables has been increasing in time in all climatic regions of the country. The observed increase is a result of a) the decrease in ash and miscellaneous content of the waste and b) increase in consumption of products with packing. Another point draws attention is the biodegradable fraction in the waste has not been decreasing. The average rate of biodegradables in Turkish municipal solid waste can be determined as 57% if the recent values are considered. Two of the composting facilities in Turkey were established in Izmir; Uzundere (in 1985) and Menemen (in 2002) Composting Plants. The technology and equipment of the plants is foreigner and these plants are originally designed for the biodegradable waste which is collected separately. The first major problem seen in both plants is originated from the mixed waste of Izmir. The ash content of the waste in lower income level districts may increase up to 30% in winter months. Small inert particles from ash damaged the mechanical parts and metal equipment of the both systems. At the other hand, the operational costs of both systems were another issue for the municipality. On the other hand, regulations controlling compost quality are not in harmony. As the heavy metal limit values indicated by Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Agriculture are compared; a conflict draws attention. The possible explanation for this conflict can be the different point of views of the Ministries. Ministry of Environment and Forestry aims to protect soil and surface and underground waters while Ministry of Agriculture and Village Affairs aims to protect crop yield and to control metals accumulation in plants.
| Copyright: | © European Compost Network ECN e.V. |
| Quelle: | Orbit 2008 (Oktober 2008) |
| Seiten: | 9 |
| Preis: | € 9,00 |
| Autor: | Assist. Prof. Dr. Gorkem Akinci M. Bilgin Prof. Dr. Ertugrul Erdin Dr. Elif Duyusen Guven |
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Hochlauf der Wasserstoffwirtschaft
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Überblick über und Diskussion der Maßnahmen zum beschleunigten Ausbau
der Wasserstoffinfrastruktur in Deutschland
Die innerstaatliche Umsetzung des Pariser Klimaschutzübereinkommens
- ein Rechtsvergleich
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Like all public international law treaties, the Paris Climate Accords rely on national law for their implementation. The success of the agreement therefore depends, to a large extent, on the stepstaken or not taken by national governments and legislators as well as on the instruments and mechanisms chosen for this task. Against this background, the present article compares different approaches to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, using court decisions as a means to assess their (legal) effectiveness.
Klimaschutzrecht und Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien in der Schweiz
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Verschachtelte Gesetzgebung unter politischer Ungewissheit