Regenerative Energie
Biological treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) includes composting, aerobic and anaerobic treatment.
During composting it is predominantly the aim to produce a compost that can be used in landscaping, agriculture etc. In this case separately collected kitchen and yard waste is the substrate. Aerobic treatment of MSW uses the same technologies but the aim of treatment is different. In the latter case MSW shall be biologically stabilised, mostly as a pretreatment step before landfilling.The anaerobic technologies used may be the same but the pretreatment is in general different and plays an essential role especially when MSW is digested. In addition anaerobic treatment is often combined with an aerobic or composting process for final quality upgrading in order to meet the required standards. Although there are long term experiences with these processes still problems may occur. Often these plants are overloaded, the optimum milieu conditions are not always maintained, process monitoring may still be weak and operation could be improved. This situation is often the reason regarding complaints from people living in the neighbourhood where bad odours are the most often problem. But also the final quality of the biologically treated material may be affected. In order to avoid the above mentioned problems better education and training is necessary. In addition monitoring has to be improved so that there is a better control of the processes. Due to severe competition in the field of MSW-management costs have to be minimised but often people save money in the wrong way which at the end may result in higher costs. Due to relatively high revenues for electricity produced from anaerobically digested waste (biowaste or MSW) in some countries (f.e. Germany) anaerobic treatment becomes steadily more popular. This concept has also advantages regarding emissions, since less energy is necessary for the operation (during aerobic treatment most of the energy is necessary for aeration) and in the case of anaerobic treatment energy from biogas is produced. As a result the emission of CO2 is reduced, due to the substitution of fossil fuels by biogas.
| Copyright: | © IWWG International Waste Working Group |
| Quelle: | Venice Conference 2006 (November 2006) |
| Seiten: | 16 |
| Preis: | € 16,00 Kostenlos für Premium Mitglieder |
| Autor: | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Stegmann |
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Hochlauf der Wasserstoffwirtschaft
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Überblick über und Diskussion der Maßnahmen zum beschleunigten Ausbau
der Wasserstoffinfrastruktur in Deutschland
Die innerstaatliche Umsetzung des Pariser Klimaschutzübereinkommens
- ein Rechtsvergleich
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Like all public international law treaties, the Paris Climate Accords rely on national law for their implementation. The success of the agreement therefore depends, to a large extent, on the stepstaken or not taken by national governments and legislators as well as on the instruments and mechanisms chosen for this task. Against this background, the present article compares different approaches to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, using court decisions as a means to assess their (legal) effectiveness.
Klimaschutzrecht und Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien in der Schweiz
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Verschachtelte Gesetzgebung unter politischer Ungewissheit