Regenerative Energie
The Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (European Council 1999) requires the progressive diversion
of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) from landfill in order to reduce fugitive emissions of
CH4 from landfills. In the U.K. most municipal solid waste (MSW) is landfilled and as this
contains approximately 68% BMW this represents a significant challenge. The Environment Agency estimates that for England alone the amount of BMW landfilled in 2001/2 was 15 million tonnes and this will need to be reduced to 5.22 million tonnes in 2020. Annual, and in most cases, decreasing allowances for landfilling BMW have been set for Waste Disposal Authorities (WDAs) within the U.K. under national Landfill Allowance Schemes (Defra 2006). Strategies need to be developed and implemented by WDAs to meet these targets.
The aerobic DR4 and anaerobic BM100 biodegradability tests are currently applied in England and Wales for monitoring the reduction in biological municipal waste (BMW) achieved by mechanical biological treatment (MBT) plants (Environment Agency 2005). The protocol is applied only when outputs are landfilled and is based on estimating the reduction in potential biogas production between the MBT input, municipal solid waste (MSW), and all of the landfilled outputs, using the BM100 test. As this is a long term 100 day test the more rapid 4 day DR4 test may also be applied as this has been shown to correlate with the BM100 test. We have now applied the DR4 and BM100 tests to 132 organic waste samples including untreated and treated BMW and specific organic wastes. The results indicate that the correlation between the DR4 and BM100 tests has proved valid for mixed MSW derived BMW wastes. However when both tests are applied to specific organic wastes such as turkey feathers, cardboard packaging waste and pizza food wastes the correlation between the tests is less strong. It is concluded that the use of the DR4 and BM100 test correlation is valid for its designed application (monitoring MBT processes treating MSW derived mixed BMW), but that caution should be exercised when applying both tests to specific single component organic wastes.
| Copyright: | © IWWG International Waste Working Group |
| Quelle: | Specialized Session F (Oktober 2007) |
| Seiten: | 12 |
| Preis: | € 12,00 |
| Autor: | Andrew R. Godley Kathy Lewin Jim Frederickson Richard Smith Nick Blakey |
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Hochlauf der Wasserstoffwirtschaft
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Überblick über und Diskussion der Maßnahmen zum beschleunigten Ausbau
der Wasserstoffinfrastruktur in Deutschland
Die innerstaatliche Umsetzung des Pariser Klimaschutzübereinkommens
- ein Rechtsvergleich
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Like all public international law treaties, the Paris Climate Accords rely on national law for their implementation. The success of the agreement therefore depends, to a large extent, on the stepstaken or not taken by national governments and legislators as well as on the instruments and mechanisms chosen for this task. Against this background, the present article compares different approaches to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, using court decisions as a means to assess their (legal) effectiveness.
Klimaschutzrecht und Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien in der Schweiz
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Verschachtelte Gesetzgebung unter politischer Ungewissheit