Regenerative Energie
The Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (European Council 1999) requires the progressive diversion of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) from landfill in order to reduce fugitive emissions of CH4 from landfills. The Environment Agency estimates that for England alone the amount of BMW landfilled in 2001/2 was 15 million tonnes and this will need to be reduced to 5.22 million tonnes in 2020. Waste Disposal Authorities (WDAs) within the U.K. have been set typically decreasing allowances for landfilling BMW under national Landfill Allowance Schemes (Defra 2006). It is clear that Waste Disposal Authorities need to develop and implement strategies to treat an increasing amount of biodegradable municipal waste and to utilise the residues in ways that minimise environmental impact. (Session A5: Waste characterisation)
As part of a Defra sponsored project (WRT220), approximately 40 biodegradable wastes were characterised according to biodegradability (DR4 and BM100), total PTE content, C:N ratio and biochemical composition. Two leaching tests were employed; upflow percolation test and a one step LS10 test; eluates were analysed for TOC, pH, electrical conductivity, PTEs and a range of cations and anions. This paper contains a limited set of data for a selection of untreated and treated waste types representing four waste treatment processes (composting, MBT, MHT, anaerobic digestion). The DR4 and BM100 tests were found to be appropriate for a wide range of waste types but where possible they should be used in conjunction with other related tests. Longer-term MBT composting processes appeared to produce compost material with reduced ammonium concentrations and extractability of some PTEs. Carbon content (carbon analyzer - LECO) could be estimated as C = LOI/1.9 which is a routine operation. N LECO values were approximately 12% greater than the equivalent N Kjeldahl values.
| Copyright: | © IWWG International Waste Working Group |
| Quelle: | General Session A (Oktober 2007) |
| Seiten: | 11 |
| Preis: | € 11,00 |
| Autor: | Andrew R. Godley Jim Frederickson Kathy Lewin Richard Smith Nick Blakey |
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Hochlauf der Wasserstoffwirtschaft
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Überblick über und Diskussion der Maßnahmen zum beschleunigten Ausbau
der Wasserstoffinfrastruktur in Deutschland
Die innerstaatliche Umsetzung des Pariser Klimaschutzübereinkommens
- ein Rechtsvergleich
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Like all public international law treaties, the Paris Climate Accords rely on national law for their implementation. The success of the agreement therefore depends, to a large extent, on the stepstaken or not taken by national governments and legislators as well as on the instruments and mechanisms chosen for this task. Against this background, the present article compares different approaches to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, using court decisions as a means to assess their (legal) effectiveness.
Klimaschutzrecht und Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien in der Schweiz
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Verschachtelte Gesetzgebung unter politischer Ungewissheit