Regenerative Energie
In the last decade several environmental legislations and landfill bans were put into effect. Due to these restrictions in landfilling, thermal waste treatment plays an important role in European waste management systems. An increasing role can be expected in the future. In this context the Waste Incineration Directive is fundamental, as all EU member states have to meet the same incineration standard from now on. Furthermore it is necessary to take into account the different level of the waste management infrastructure in several European countries. A second option to incineration, gasification and degasification is the production of RDF or SRF (Solid Recovered Fuel) from sorting plants and the different kind of Mechanical-biological Treatment (MBT) plants. In Germany alone approx. 7 million Mg/y of RDF is produced and burned in specially designed incineration plants or co-combustion plants like cement kiln, power plants, etc.
A disadvantage of the grate systems is the large excess of air (λ=1.6-1.8) which leads to energy losses over the stack by the flue gas emission. Independent of the incineration system the combustion temperature has to be in the range 850 °C to 1100 °C. The lower limit guarantees the complete destruction of harmful organic chemicals and the upper limit should prevent from unacceptable high production of thermal NOx. The residence time at minimum temperature of 850 °C for the gas resulting from the incineration has to be 2 seconds in the presence of at least 6 % oxygen. The efficiency of MSW incinerators with electricity generation is around 20 % up to 28 %. Compared to fossil fired plants these values are low. The main limiting factors are the low steam parameters of approximately 400 °C and 40 bar. The cost structure of a MSW incinerator depends on many factors like size and age of facility, kind of energy recovery, system of flue gas cleaning and degree of utilization of slag and products of the flue gas cleaning system. Therefore the treatment prices vary in a wide range between 120 and 280 €/T. Emissions control MSW incineration plants are often subject of controversy, usually because of its flue gas emissions. In the 60´s only few people cared about the emissions from incinerators into the air. In the 70´s air pollution became a high priority issue and politicians and in the 80´s the public focused to pollutants like dioxins and furans, heavy metals and HCl.
| Copyright: | © IWWG International Waste Working Group |
| Quelle: | Venice Conference 2006 (November 2006) |
| Seiten: | 9 |
| Preis: | € 9,00 |
| Autor: | Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dr. h.c. Bernd Bilitewski |
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Hochlauf der Wasserstoffwirtschaft
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Überblick über und Diskussion der Maßnahmen zum beschleunigten Ausbau
der Wasserstoffinfrastruktur in Deutschland
Die innerstaatliche Umsetzung des Pariser Klimaschutzübereinkommens
- ein Rechtsvergleich
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Like all public international law treaties, the Paris Climate Accords rely on national law for their implementation. The success of the agreement therefore depends, to a large extent, on the stepstaken or not taken by national governments and legislators as well as on the instruments and mechanisms chosen for this task. Against this background, the present article compares different approaches to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, using court decisions as a means to assess their (legal) effectiveness.
Klimaschutzrecht und Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien in der Schweiz
© Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (8/2024)
Verschachtelte Gesetzgebung unter politischer Ungewissheit